Ex Vivo Antiplatelet and Thrombolytic Activity of Bioactive Fractions from the New-Fangled Stem Buds of Ficus religiosa L. with Simultaneous GC-MS Examination.

Different parts of Ficus religiosa are the common components of various traditional formulations for the treatment of several blood disorders. The new-fangled stem buds' powder was extracted with 80% ethanol and successively fractionated by chloroform and methanol. Chloroform and methanol fractions of Ficus religiosa (CFFR and MFFR) were tested for antiplatelet, antithrombotic, thrombolytic, and antioxidant activity in ex vivo mode. The MFFR was particularly investigated for GC-MS and toxicity. The antiplatelet activity of the CFFR, MFFR, and standard drug aspirin at 50 µg/mL was 54.32%, 86.61%, and 87.57%, and a significant delay in clot formation was noted. CFFR at different concentrations did not show a significant effect on the delay of clot formation, antiplatelet, and free radical scavenging activity. The most possible marker compounds for antiplatelet and antioxidant activity identified by GC-MS in the MFFR are salicylate derivatives aromatic compounds such as benzeneacetaldehyde (7), phenylmalonic acid (13), and Salicylic acid (14), as well as Benzamides derivatives such as carbobenzyloxy-dl-norvaline (17), 3-acetoxy-2(1H)-pyridone (16), and 3-benzylhexahydropyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione (35). A toxicity study of MFFR did not show any physical indications of toxicity and mortality up to 1500 mg/kg body weight and nontoxic up to 1000 mg/kg, which is promising for the treatment of atherothrombotic diseases.

Aegle marvels (L.) Correa Leaf Essential Oil and Its Phytoconstituents as an Anticancer and Anti-Streptococcus mutans Agent.

Aegle mamelons (A. marmelos) or Indian Bael leaves possess anti-cancerous and antibacterial properties and are used in the traditional medicine system for the treatment of oral infections. In the present study, the essential oil of the leaves of A. marmelos was explored for its anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-cariogenic properties. The hydro-distilled oil of A. marmelos leaves was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Monoterpene limonene (63.71%) was found to have the highest percentage after trans-2-Hydroxy-1,8-cineole and p-Menth-2,8-dien-1-ol. The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay was used to investigate the anticancer activity of the extracted oil against human oral epidermal carcinoma (KB), and the results showed significantly higher (**** p < 0.0001) anticancer activity (45.89%) in the doxorubicin (47.87%) when compared to the normal control. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated using methods of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). The results showed a significant (*** p < 0.001) percentage of inhibition of DPPH-induced free radical (70.02 ± 1.6%) and ABTS-induced free radical (70.7 ± 1.32%) at 100 µg/mL with IC50, 72.51 and 67.33 µg/mL, respectively, comparatively lower than standard compound ascorbic acid. The results of the molecular docking study of the significant compound limonene with the receptors tyrosinase and tyrosine kinase 2 supported the in vitro antioxidant potential. The anti-cariogenic activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Results showed a significant minimum inhibitor concentration of 0.25 mg/mL and the killing time was achieved at 3 to 6 h. The molecular-docking study showed that limonene inhibits the surface receptors of the S. mutans c-terminal domain and CviR protein. The study found that A. marmelos leaves have potential anti-carcinoma, antioxidant, and anti-cariogenic effects on human oral epidermal health, making them a valuable natural therapeutic agent for managing oral cancer and infections.

Preparation and Evaluation of Nanoemulsion of Citronella Essential Oil with Improved Antimicrobial and Anti-Cancer Properties.

The development of new pharmaceutical solutions for treating various diseases results from a growing understanding of the benefits of using essential oils. One of the most often used volatile materials among essential oils is the oil of the citronella plant, termed citronella essential oil (CITEO), which has potential for use in food and medicine. Its wide use is limited due to lipophilicity, high volatility and poor physicochemical stability. With this background, the present study aims to evaluate the properties of CITEO-nanoemulsion (CITEO-NE) by analyzing its antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) and its anticancer activity against, human skin adenocarcinoma cell line (A431). The CITEO-NE was prepared and evaluated for the size range of 130 ± 5 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.127 and zeta potential -12.6 mV. The percentage % of entrapment efficiency (%EE) of nanoemulsions loaded with CIT was very high at the beginning of the study, at 95.5 ± 4.775%. The MIC was observed to be 500 µg/mL for CITEO and 250 µg/mL for CITEO-NE against S. aureus and 250 µg/mL for CITEO and 125 µg/mL for CITEO-NE against C. albicans. The time-kill assay also suggests the effectiveness of CITEO-NE against the test pathogens as a novel alternative therapy. The IC50 values of CITEO and CITEO-NE exhibited significant cytotoxic properties against the A431 cell line, with 41.20 µg/mL and 37.71 µg/mL, respectively. Hence, our findings revealed that encapsulation of CITEO increased the pharmacological properties.

Hipotiroidismo subclínico y pérdida de embarazo: una revisión de la literatura / Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Pregnancy Loss: A Literature Review

Existe una alta prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico (SCH) en el embarazo. Está vinculado a una importante morbilidad y mortalidad materna y fetal. Los efectos de SCH sobre el embarazo incluyen mayores riesgos de hipertensión gestacional y ruptura prematura de membranas (PROM). Sus fetos y bebés tenían más probabilidades de sufrir de bajo peso al nacer (LBW) y retraso del crecimiento intrauterino (IUGR). El riesgo de aborto espontáneo se informa alto en varios estudios para SCH no tratado. SCH se asocia directamente con una mayor presencia de anti -cuerpos anti TPO en suero materno. La detección temprana y el tratamiento de SCH han sido testigos de mejores resultados en términos de resultado del embarazo. Esta revisión se centra para establecer la relación de una mayor prevalencia de SCH en los países en desarrollo, así como su asociación con el aumento de los cuerpos anti TPO en suero materna y sacar una conclusión que puede ayudar a reducir las razones y proporcionar una solución. Este estudio concluyó que SCH es más frecuente en los países en desarrollo, ya sea debido a la deficiencia de yodo, una disminución de la conciencia sobre este problema o menos acceso a las instalaciones médicas. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que las hembras con antecedentes de partos prematuros, IUGR anteriores o abortos involuntarios deben someterse a una detección de hipotiroidismo subclínico y niveles de anticuerpos anti TPO durante sus visitas prenatales

There is a high prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in pregnancy. It is linked to significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. SCH's effects on pregnancy include increased risks of gestational hypertension and premature rupture of membranes (PROM). Their fetuses and infants had been more likely to suffer from low birth weight (LBW) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The risk of miscarriage is reported high in various studies for untreated SCH. SCH is directly associated with increased presence of anti TPO anti bodies in maternal serum. Early detection and treatment of SCH have witnessed better results in terms of pregnancy outcome. This review focuses to establish the relationship of increased prevalence of SCH in the developing countries as well as its association with increased anti TPO anti bodies in maternal serum and draw a conclusion which can help narrow down the reasons and provide solution. This study concluded that SCH is more prevalent in developing countries, either due to iodine deficiency, decreased awareness about this problem or less access to medical facilities. Therefore, it is suggested that females with history of preterm deliveries, previous IUGRs, or miscarriages should undergo screening for subclinical hypothyroidism and Anti TPO antibody levels during their antenatal visits.

UNA ENCUESTA DE CONOCIMIENTOS, ACTITUDES Y MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS TOMADAS POR ESTUDIANTES DE MEDICINA Y ODONTOLOGÍA DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 EN RIAD, ARABIA SAUDÍ / A Survey of Knowledge, Attitude, and Preventive Measures Taken by Medical and Dental Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Objetivo: Con la enfermedad del coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) convirtiéndose en una aflicción global, es imperativo evaluar el conocimiento, la actitud y las prácticas de los incipientes profesionales de la salud ante la pandemia. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el conocimiento y la actitud de los estudiantes de medicina y odontología frente a la infección COVID-19. Además, se analizaron las medidas preventivas ejercidas por ellos durante el brote. Método: Este estudio fue un estudio prospectivo, transversal, basado en un cuestionario. Se llevó a cabo en un período de 5 meses desde el 15 de abril de 2021 hasta el 15 de septiembre de 2021. Se difundió un cuestionario autoadministrado bien diseñado y validado a través de la plataforma Google Forms a 726 estudiantes de medicina y odontología de Riyadh, Arabia Saudita, después de obtener el consentimiento informado electrónico. Resultado: De los 726 encuestados, 490 eran mujeres y 236 hombres. Según los resultados, >50% de la población del estudio siguió al Ministerio de Salud, KSA, como su fuente de información para obtener las últimas actualizaciones sobre la infección por COVID-19, el 17,8% confió en las actualizaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el 17,1% recurrió a la red social actualizaciones Se encontró que el 92,33% de los estudiantes de medicina y odontología tenían un conocimiento adecuado de la pandemia y que el 96,55% demostró una actitud positiva hacia esto. Además, el 81,84% de los participantes adoptaron buenas prácticas con respecto a la infección. Conclusión: El presente estudio estableció que los estudiantes de medicina y odontología de Riyadh, Arabia Saudita, tienen un conocimiento adecuado sobre la pandemia. Los estudiantes también mostraron una actitud positiva hacia la situación. Sin embargo, con la disminución de la tasa de infección, las medidas prácticas se han reducido.

Objective: With coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) becoming a global affliction, it is imperative to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of budding healthcare professionals toward the pandemic. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of medical and dental students toward COVID-19 infection. In addition, the preventive measures exercised by them during the outbreak were analyzed. Method: This study was a prospective, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. It was conducted over a period of 5 months from April 15, 2021 to September 15, 2021. A well-designed and validated self-administered questionnaire was disseminated through the Google Forms platform to 726 medical and dental students of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, after obtaining electronic informed consent. Result: Of the 726 respondents, 490 were women and 236 were men. As per the results, >50% of the study population followed the Ministry of Health, KSA, as their source of information to obtain latest updates on COVID-19 infection, 17.8% relied on the World Health Organization updates, and 17.1% resorted to social network updates. It was found that 92.33% of the medical and dental students had adequate knowledge of the pandemic and that 96.55% demonstrated a positive attitude toward it. Furthermore, 81.84% of the participants adopted good practices with regard to the infection. Conclusion: The present study established that the medical and dental students of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, have an adequate knowledge about the pandemic. The students also displayed a positive attitude toward the situation. However, with the decline in the infection rate, the practice measures have been reduced.